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1940-JUN-22



BELGIUM AND NORTHERN FRANCE (Brussels)  Military Government for BELGIUM AND NORTHERN FRANCE :
FREE FRANCE (London xExile FREE FRENCH Empire in Exile : General Charles de Gaulle
OCCUPIED ZONE (Paris)  German Military Governorate of OCCUPIED ZONE :
FRANCE ((Bordeaux) tSDN Member French Republic : FR [French Colonial Empire] : President Albert Lebrun

Other Entities with similar names

GERMANY  FRANCE 
  
(Berlin a + Berchtesgaden r) - ((Bordeaux) t) -

French Republic : FR
[French Colonial Empire]

Flag or logo since 1900-01-01*
République française : RF (fr) SDN Member
Emblem or Symbol*

Reichpresident Fuhrer Adolf Hitler
(ruler of GERMANY since 1934-08-02)

President Albert Lebrun
(ruler of FRANCE since 1940-06-22)
 
 
 
 
Capitals & administrative places*: (Bordeaux) t
((Bordeaux))
t temporary or provisory capital
() capital or HQ de facto partially ou totally outside of the territory
Official & national languages: French (fr) .

Mainland:


FREE ZONE French Government in FREE ZONE  ((Bordeaux))

2 Divisions:

CHARENTE Department of CHARENTE  (Angouleme)Local: Département CHARENTE (de) + Département de la CHARENTE (fr)  (Angoulême)
FREE ZONE French Government in FREE ZONE  (Vichy)Local: Gouvernement français en ZONE LIBRE (fr)  (Vichy)



8 Assisted Entities

ANDORRA Principality of ANDORRA [French Extraordinary Commission]  (Andorra The Old a + (La Seu d´Urgell) ry) Ricardo Fornesa i Puigdemasa
HOGGAR KEL AHAGGAR Tuareg Confederation [under French Suzerainty]  (Abalessa) Amenokal Akhamuk ag Ihemma
LEBANON Autonomous LEBANESE Republic [League of Nations Mandate under French Protectorate]  (Beirut) President Emile Edde
LEVANT STATES High Commission of the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon : LEVANTINE STATES  (Beirut) President Albert Lebrun
MONACO Principality of MONACO [French Protectorate]  (Monaco q) Prince Louis II
MOROCCO Sharifi Empire of MOROCCO [French and Spanish Protectorates]  (Rabat a) Sultan Muhammad V
SYRIA State of SYRIA [League of Nations Mandate under French Protectorate]  (Damascus) Bahij Bey al-Khatib
TUNISIA TUNISIAN Regency [French Protectorate of the Tunisian Beylicate]  (Tunis) Ahmad II bin Ali Bey



16 Territories:

ADELIE LAND French Sector of ADELIE LAND  ((Vichy))Local: Secteur français de la TERRE ADÉLIE (fr)  ((Vichy))
CASABLANCA Province of CASABLANCA  (Casablanca)Local: Province de CASABLANCA (fr) + Muhafazah DAR EL-BEIDA : محافظة البيضاء (ar)  (Casablanca)
FRENCH AFRICA TERRITORIES High Commission for FRENCH AFRICA TERRITORIES  (Goree + Dakar)Local: Haut-Commissariat pour les TERRITOIRES D´AFRIQUE FRANÇAISE (fr)  (Gorée + Dakar)
FRENCH ALGERIA Governorate-General of ALGERIA  (Algiers a)Local: Gouvernorat-général de l´ALGÉRIE (fr)  (Alger)
FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA Government-General of the FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA Federation  (Brazzaville)Local: Fédération d´AFRIQUE-ÉQUATORIALE FRANÇAISE (fr)  (Brazzaville)
FRENCH HANKOW French Concession at HANKOW  (Hankow French Concession)Local: Concession française à HANKÉOU (fr)  (Concession Française de Hankéou)
FRENCH SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA Governorate of the FRENCH SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA  (Pondicherry)Local: Gouvernorat des ÉTABLISSEMENTS FRANÇAIS DANS L´INDE (fr)  (Pondichéry)
FRENCH SHAMEEN French Concession of SHAMEEN  (Shameen French Concession)Local: Concession française de SHAMEEN (fr)  (Concession Française de Shameen)
FRENCH SHANGHAI Municipal Council of the FRENCH CONCESSION OF SHANGHAI  (Shanghai French Concession)Local: Conseil municipal de la CONCESSION FRANÇAISE DE CHANGHAÏ (fr) + SHANG-HAI FA TSU-CHIEH Shih Cheng-Chü : 上海法租界市政局 (zh)  (Concession Française de Changhaï)
FRENCH SOMALI COAST French Somaliland Colony : FRENCH SOMALI COAST  (Jibuti)Local: Colonie de la CÔTE FRANÇAISE DES SOMALIS (fr)  (Djibouti)
FRENCH TIENTSIN TIENTSIN French Concession  (Tientsin French Concession)Local: Concession française de TIENTSIN (fr)  (Concession Française de Tientsin)
HOLY LAND French National Domain in THE HOLY LAND [French Territories in Jerusalem]  (Church of Saint Anne + Eleona Monastery + Tomb of the Kings + Abbaye of Abu Gosh)Local: Domaine national français en TERRE SAINTE (fr)  (Église Sainte-Anne + Monastère d´Eléona + Tombeau des Rois + Abbaye d´Abou Gosh)
MADAGASCAR AND DEPENDENCIES Governorate-General of the FRENCH MADAGASCAR Colony  (Tananarive)Local: Colonie française de MADAGASCAR (fr)  (Tananarive)
PACIFIC OCEAN High Commission of the Republic in THE PACIFIC OCEAN  (Numea)Local: Haut-Commissariat de la République dans l´OCÉAN PACIFIQUE (fr)  (Nouméa)
REUNION French Colony of REUNION  (Saint Denis of the Reunion)Local: Colonie française de la RÉUNION (fr)  (Saint-Denis de la Réunion)
THEATER ATLANTIC WEST High Commission for the THEATER ATLANTIC WEST  (Fort of France)Local: Haut-Commissariat pour le THÉÂTRE ATLANTIQUE OUEST (fr)  (Fort-de-France)

12 Condominiums:

CANFRANC RAILWAY STATION CANFRANC Railway Station  (Canfranc Railway Station)Local: Estación Internacional de CANFRANC (es)  (Estación de Canfranc)
FRENCH CAMEROON Autonomous Territory of FRENCH CAMEROON [League of Nations Mandate under French Administration]  (Yaounde)Local: Territoire autonome du CAMEROUN (fr)  (Yaoundé)
FRENCH MOROCCO French Protectorate in the Sharifi Empire of MOROCCO  (Rabat)Local: Protectorat français dans l´Empire chérifien : Protectorat français au MAROC (fr) + Himaïet Fransa fi el-MAGHREB : حماية فرنسا للمغرب (ar)  (Rabat)
FRENCH TOGO FRENCH TOGO Territory  (Lome)Local: Territoire du TOGO FRANÇAIS (fr)  (Lomé)
KULANGSU INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT Municipal Council of the KULANGSU INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT  (Kulangsu)Local: KULANGSU International Koncession (da) + Internationale Konzession von KULANGSU (de) + KULANGSU International Concession (en) + Concesión Internacional de KULANGSU (es) + Concession internationale de KOULANGSEU (fr) + Concessione internazionale di KULANGSU (it) + KORONSU no Kokusai Sokai : コロンスの国際租界 (ja) + Internationale Concessie van KULANGSU (nl) + KULANGSU Internasjonale Konsesjon (no) + Concessão Internacional de KULANGSU (pt) + KULANGSU International Koncession (sv) + KU-LANG-YÜ Kuo-Tsì T´e-Hsü Ching-Ying : 鼓浪嶼國際特許經營 (zh)  (Kulangyu)
NEW HEBRIDES Condominium of NEW HEBRIDES  (Port Vila)Local: NEW HEBRIDES Condominium (en) + Condominium des NOUVELLES-HÉBRIDES (fr)  (Port Vila)
PALACE FARNESE French Embassy in Italy : PALACE FARNESE  (Palace Farnese)Local: Ambassade de France en Italie : PALAIS FARNÈSE (fr) + Ambasciata di Francia in Italia : PALAZZO FARNESE (it)  (Palazzo Farnese)
PEKING LEGATION QUARTER Joint Administrative Commission of the Diplomatic Quarter : PEKING LEGATION QUARTER [Chinese Control]  (Peking Legation Quarter)Local: TUNG CHIAO MIN Hsiang : 東交民巷 (zh)  (Tung Chiao-Min Hsiang)
PHEASANTS´ ISLAND Condominium of PHEASANTS´ ISLAND [Condominium of Conference Island]  (Hospital Island)Local: Condominio de la ISLA DE LOS FAISANES (es) + Condominium de l´ÎLE DES FAISANS (fr)  (Isla de los Faisanes)
PYRENEAN FACERIES Trans-Borders Valleys of PYRENEAN FACERIES  (Baigorri + Baztan)Local: Valles Transfronterizas de las FACERIAS PIRENAICAS (es) + Vallées transfrontalières des FACERIES PYRÉNÉENNES (fr)  (Baigorri + Baztan)
ROME AND LORETO Italian Occupied Foundations of ROME AND LORETO  (Villa Bonaparte)Local: Pii Stabilimenti francesi a ROMA E LORETO (it) + Pieux Établissements français à ROME ET LORETTE (fr)  (Villa Bonaparte)
SHANGHAI INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT International Concession of Shanghai Municipal Council : SHANGHAI INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT  (Shanghai International Settlement)Local: SHANGHAI International Settlement (en) + SHANGHAI International Koncession (da) + SCHANGHAI Internationalen Konzessionen (de) + Concesión Internacional de SHANGHÁI (es) + Concession Internationale de CHANGHAÏ (fr) + Concessione Internazionale di SCIANGAI (it) + SHIYANHAI Kiyoudou Sokai : 上海共同租界 (ja) + Internationale Concessie van SHANGHAI (nl) + Concessão Internacional de XANGAI (pt) + SHANHAYSKIY Mezhdunarodny Settlment : ШАНХАЙСКИЙ международный сеттльмент (ru) + SHANGHAI International Settlement (sv) + SHANG-HAI Kung-Kung Tsu-Chieh : 上海公共租界 (zh)  (Shanghai International Settlement)

Dependent Protectorates:

ANNAM Empire of ANNAM [French Protectorate]  (Hue)Local: Empire d´ANNAM (fr) + Đế Quốc AN NAM – Trung Kỳ : 中圻 (vi)  (Huê)
ATTOPU ATTOPU Province [French Residency of the Principality of Attopu]  (Attopu)Local: Province d´ATTOPEU (fr) + Khueng ATTOPEU : ແຂວງ ອັດຕະປື (lo)  (Attopeu)
BAGHIRMI BAGHIRMI Sultanate [French Protectorate of the Baghirmi Kingdom]  (Massenya)Local: Sultanat du BAGUIRMI (fr) + Mbang TAR BAGRIMMA (bmi) + Sultanat BAQIRMI : سلطانات باقرمي (ar)  (Massenya)
BASSAC BASSAC Province [French Protectorate of the Principality of Champasack]  (Pakse)Local: Province de BASSAC (fr) + Khoueng PÀːSÁK : ແຂວງ ປາສັກ (lo)  (Paksé)
CAMBODIA Kingdom of CAMBODIA [French Protectorate]  (Phnom Penh)Local: Royaume du CAMBODGE (fr) + Preah Reach Ana Pak KAMPUCHEA : ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា (km)  (Phnom Penh)
CAMMON CAMMON Province [French Residency of the Principality of Khammuan]  (Thakhek)Local: Province de CAMMON (fr) + Khueng KHAMMUAN : ແຂວງ ຄໍາມ່ວນ (lo)  (Thakhek)
DASA Yoruba Kingdom of DASA [French Protectorate]  (Dasa)Local: Royaume de DASSA (fr) + Oba ÌDÀÁSHÀ (idd)  (Dassa)
FRENCH INDOCHINA Government-General of the Indochinese Union : FRENCH INDOCHINA [French Protectorate]  (Hanoi a + Dalat c)Local: Union indochinoise : INDO-CHINE FRANÇAISE (fr)  (Hanoï + Da Lat)
HUAPHAN HUA-PHAN Province [French Residency of the Principality of Huaphan]  (Samneua)Local: Province du HOUA-PHAN (fr) + Khueng HOUAPHAN : ແຂວງ ຫົວພັນ (lo)  (Sam Neua)
KETU Yoruba State of KETU [French Protectorate]  (Ketu)Local: État de KÉTOU (fr) + Oba KETU (nqg) + Alaketu KETU (ijj)  (Kétou)
LAOS French Protectorate of LAOS  (Vientiane)Local: Protectorat français du LAOS (fr) + Falang Pokpong LAO : ຝະລັ່ງ ປົກປ້ອງລາວ (lo)  (Viengchan)
LUANG PRABANG Province of LUANG PRABANG [French Protectorate of the Kingdom of Luang Prabang]  (Luangphrabang)Local: Royaume de LUANG PHRABANG (fr) + Anachak LUANG PHRABANG : ອານາຈັກຫລວງພະບາງ (lo)  (Luangphrabang)
PHONGSALY PHONGSALY Province [French Residency]  (Phongsaly)Local: Province de PHONG-SALY (fr) + Khueng PHÔNGSALI : ແຂວງຜົ້ງສາລີ (lo)  (Phong-Saly)
RAHAITA Afar Sultanate of RAHAITA [French Protectorate]  (Nouo-Dela + (Rahaita))Local: Sultanat afar de RAHAÏTA (fr) + RAHAYTO Sultanat (aa)  (Nouo-Dela + (Raheita))
SARAVAN SARAVAN Province [French Residency of the Principality of Saravan]  (Saravan)Local: Province de SARAVANE (fr) + Khueng SALAVAN : ແຂວງ ສາລະວັນ (lo)  (Saravane)
SAVANNAKHET SAVANNAKHET Province [French Residency of the Principality of Savannakhet]  (Savannakhet)Local: Province de SAVANNAKHÉT (fr) + Khueng SAVANNAKHÉT : ແຂວງ ສະຫວັນນະເຂດ (lo)  (Savannakhét)
SAVI HWEDA Fon State of SAVI HWEDA [French Protectorate]  (Whydah)Local: État de SAVI HWÉDA (fr) + SAVI HWEDA (sxw) + SAVI HWEDA (fon)  (Ouidah)
SENEGAL SENEGAL Colony and Protectorate  (Saint Louis of Senegal)Local: Protectorat et Colonie du SÉNÉGAL (fr)  (Saint-Louis du Sénégal)
SOUTHERN TERRITORIES French Territory of SOUTHERN TERRITORIES [French Protectorate]  (Ain Sefra + Ghardaia + Wargla + Tuggurt)Local: Territoire français des TERRITOIRES DU SUD (fr)  (Aïn Séfra + Ghardaïa + Ouargla + Touggourt)
TADJOURA Afar Sultanate of TADJOURA [French Protectorate]  (Tadjoura)Local: Sultanat afar de TADJOURA (fr) + TAGÓRRI Sultanat : سلطنة تاجورا (aa)  (Tadjoura)
TAGANIT Emirate of TAGANIT [French Protectorate]  (Tijikja)Local: Emirat TAGANT : إمرات تكانت (ar) + Confédération du TAGANIT (fr)  (Tidjikdja)
TONKIN French Protectorate of TONKIN  (Hanoi)Local: Protectorat du TONKIN (fr) + Bảo hộ BắC Kỳ – Bắc Bộ : 北圻 (vi)  (Hanoï)
TRARZA Emirate of TRARZA [French Protectorate]  (Rosso)Local: Emirat TARARIZA : إمارة الترارزة (ar) + Émirat de TRARZA (fr)  (Rosso)
UPPER IVORY COAST UPPER IVORY COAST Region [French Residency]  (Wagadugu)Local: Région de la HAUTE-CÔTE D´IVOIRE (fr)  (Ouagadougou)
UPPER MEKONG UPPER MEKONG Province [French Residency of the Principality of Upper Mekong]  (Ban Huaysai)Local: Province du HAUT-MÉKONG (fr) + Khueng NAMTHA : ແຂວງ ນໍ້າທາ (lo)  (Banhouei Sai)
VIENTIANE VIENTIANE Province [French Residency of the Principality of Vientiane]  (Vientiane)Local: Province de VIENTIANE (fr) + Khueng VIANGCHAN : ແຂວງວຽງຈັນ (lo)  (Viengchan)
XIENGKHWANG TRAN NINH Province [French Residency of the Principality of Xiengkhwang]  (Xiengkhwang)Local: Province de TRAN-NINH (fr) + Khueng XIENG-KHOUANG : ແຂວງ ຊຽງຂວາງ (lo)  (Xiangkhouang)



1 Government or Movement in Exile

COSSACKIA COSSACK National Liberation Movement  (Algiers + Prague) (Ignat Arkhipovich Bilyi)



Military entity abroad, special or locally shared:

FRENCH WAR GRAVES FRENCH WAR GRAVES Abroad  (Vichy)Local: TOMBES MILITAIRES FRANÇAISES à l´étranger (fr)  (Vichy)


31 Organisations (or Groupings) of membership (selective)


AIR SPORTS World Air Sports Federation : WASF  (Lausanne)
CENTRAL BANK Bank for International Settlements : BIS  (Chateau-d´Oex)
DANUBE International Danube Commission : European Commission of the Danube : ECD  (Galatsi)
EFO Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations : EFO  (Brusells)
GENEVA CONVENTION GENEVA Convention  (Geneva)
GENOA AGREEMENT GENOA Economic Agreement on the Global Monetary Order  (Genoa)
HAGUE CONVENTION Permanent Court of Arbitration : PCA  (The Hague)
ICAN International Commission for Air Navigation : ICAN  (Paris)
IGCR High Commission for Refugees : Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees : IGCR  (Berne)
IHB International Hydrographic Bureau : IHB Specialized Agency  (Monaco)
ILO International Labour Organization : ILO Specialized Agency  (Montreal)
INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION Inter-Parliamentary Union : IPU  (Geneva)
INTERNATIONAL POLICE International Criminal Police Commission : ICPC  (Vienna)
LEAGUE OF NATIONS League of Nations Covenant : LON  (Geneva)
LEAGUE OF RED CROSS League of Red Cross Societies : LORCS  (Geneva)
LNHO League of Nations Health Organization : LNHO  (Geneva)
MARITIME LAW International Maritime Committee : IMC  (Antwerp)
METEOROLOGY International Meteorological Organization : IMO  (Lausanne)
OCT Organization for Communication and Transit : OCT  (Geneva)
OIC Organization of Intellectual Cooperation : OIC  (Geneva)
OLYMPIC GAMES International Olympic Committee : IOC  (Lausanne)
PCIJ Permanent Court of International Justice : PCIJ  (The Hague)
PCOB Permanent Central Opium Board : PCOB  (Geneva)
PUBLIC HEALTH International Office of Public Health : IOPH  (Paris)
RED CROSS International Committee of the Red Cross : ICRC  (Geneva)
REFRIGERATION International Institute of Refrigeration : IIR  (Paris)
RHINE Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine : CCNR  (Strasbourg)
STANDARDS International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations : ISA  (New York City + Geneva)
TELECOMMUNICATION International Telecommunication Union : ITU  (Berne)
UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION Universal Postal Union : UPU  (Berne)
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES International Bureau of Weights and Measures : IBWM  (Sevres)



* The emblems shown for the subdivisions may in some cases be those of their capital.


Other Territories or Entities within the 2023's internationally recognized Country boundaries:

ALSACE-LORRAINE German Territory of ALSACE-LORRAINE  (Strasbourg)
CHAUSEY ISLANDS Archipelago of CHAUSEY ISLANDS  (Grande Ile)
EASTERN FRANCE German Occupied Territory of EASTERN FRANCE  (Nancy)
FRANCE German Military Administration for FRANCE  (Paris)
GERMAN CEMETERIES IN FRANCE Territories of the GERMAN CEMETERIES IN FRANCE  (Neuville-Saint-Vaast)
NORTHERN FRANCE German Occupied Territory of NORTHERN FRANCE  (Lille)
OCCUPIED ZONE German Military Governorate of OCCUPIED ZONE  (Paris)
ROYASQUE COUNTRY Communes of ROYASQUE COUNTRY  (Tenda + Briga)
ethnia.org
   
Notes:


   ethnia.org aims to find the countries, territories, governments, administrative divisions and main international organisations that have existed during the 20th century.
   Current depth of investigation: . [red: country considered completed, rose: 1 level yet to complete, white: 2 levels yet to complete]
   For an idea on how was built the site, see the following documentary link of wikipedia [fr] : Modèle:Infobox


 General Internet Sources

   * Base géographique, Archives nationales d'outre-mer (FR). For the administrative divisions of the former French dependencies.
   * Centennia Historical Atlas Software, ed. Centennia (US). For Europe, North Africa and Middle East historical maps.
   * Drapeaux d'Origine & d'Inspiration Françaises - DO&IF, SFV (FR). For French colonial flags.
   * Ethnologue: Languages of the World, SIL International (US). For languages codes.
   * Flags Of The World - FOTW, Rob Raeside (CA). For the current and historic flags of the world.
   * GeoNames, Geonames (CH). Geographical names database.
   * Google Books, Google (US). Online library used for specific sources.
   * Herald Dick Magazine, Herald Dick (FR). For some current and historic arms.
   * Heraldry of the World, by Ralf Hartemink (NL). For local emblems and arms.
   * L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, by Jacques Leclerc, University of Laval (CA). For national linguistic policies.
   * National Arms and Emblems - Past and Present, by Hubert de Vries (NL). For historic national emblems and arms.
   * Numismondo - World Printed Money Picture Catalog, by Garry Saint, Esquire (US). For national currencies.
   * Omniatlas - Interactive atlas of World History, by Rick Westera (NZ). For some geopolitical maps.
   * Perry-Castañ:eda Library Map Collection, University of Texas at Austin (US). For some historical maps.
   * Population Statistics, by Jan Lahmeyer (NL). For historical regional demographies and areas.
   * Portale Storia, by Giovanni Fontana (IT). For photos of rulers.
   * ReliefWeb, by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). For maps of some administrative divisions.
   * Rulers.org, by Benjamin Schemmel (DE). For photos of rulers.
   * Statoids, by Gwillim Law (US). For historical administrative subdivisions.
   * The World Factbook, ed. Central Intelligence Agency (US). For the general data and profiles of the current countries.
   * United Nations Peacekeeping, United Nations (UNO). For the United Nations Missions.
   * Vexilla Mundi, by Mello Luchtenberg (NL). For flags of the world.
   * Vexillographia, by Viktor Lomantsov (RU). For flags of Russia and Soviet Union.
   * Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation (US). Free-use pictures.
   * Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation (US). For general data, maps, sources, pictures.
   * World Heritage Centre, (UNESCO). For the selected photos of the countries.
   * World History at KMLA, by Alexander Ganse (DE). For historical maps and links by country.
   * World Statesmen, by Ben Cahoon (US). Main source for the historical polities and their rulers.

 General Printed References

   * Atlas des empires and other books of Gérard Chaliand, ed. Payot (FR). General historical geopolitic data.
   * Atlas of the World's Languages, ed. Routledge (UK). Most complete world list of languages and dialects.
   * Flags Through the Ages and Accross the World, by Whitney Smith, ed. McGraw (US). Flags of the world.
   * Fragments d'Europe, by Michel Foucher, ed. Fayard (FR). For the post-Soviet Union polities.
   * L'État du Monde, ed. La Découverte (FR). Yearly geopolitic cover of the world.
   * Quid, by Dominique Frémy, ed. Plon (FR). Yearly encyclopedia that was useful for countries data.
   * Statoids printed version, by Gwillim Law (US). For historical administrative subdivisions.
   * The Times Atlas of the World, ed. Times Atlas (UK). Periodical atlas of the world with its supplementary list of administrative subdivisions.
   * World Christian Encyclopedia, by David B. Barrett, ed. Oxford University Press (UK). For world religious groups but also ethnological data. First inspiring source of Ethnia.org website's look.
   * World Paper Money, ed. Krause (US). For historical currencies.

    + the other sources are added according to the consulted entity.

 




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UPDATED ON: ~ 2023-APR-27 ~ .