Russia 1917-JUL-01 - ethnia.org -
ethnia.org   
 

1917-JUL-01



RUSSIA (Petrograd) PCA Member RUSSIAN Provisional Government : Prince Georgy Lvov
PETROGRAD SOVIET (Petrograd) RebellionDe facto Semi-Independent PETROGRAD Soviet of Workers´ and Soldiers´ Deputies : Nikolay Chkheidze

Other Entities with similar names

RUSSIAN Provisional Government
(Petrograd)

RUSSIAN Provisional Government

Flag or logo since 1914-11-19*
Vremennoye Pravitel´stvo ROSSII : Временное правительство РОССИИ (ru) PCA Member
Emblem or Symbol*

Prince Georgy Lvov
(ruler of RUSSIA since 1917-03-16)
 
 
 
 
Capitals & administrative places*: Petrograd
(Petrograd)
Official & national languages: Russian (ru) .

Mainland:


RUSSIA State of RUSSIA  (Petrograd)

42 Regionalized Divisions:

ALTAY Siberian Governement of ALTAY  (Barnaul)Local: ALTAYSKOY gubernii : АЛТАЙСКОЙ губернии (ru)  (Barnaul)
AMUR AMUR Oblast [Outer Manchuria]  (Blagoveshchensk)Local: PRIAMURSKAYA oblast : ПРИАМУРСКАЯ область (ru)  (Blagoveshchensk)
ARCHANGELSK ARCHANGELSK Government  (Archangelsk)Local: ARKHANGEL´SKAYA guberniya : АРХАНГЕЛЬСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Arkhangel´sk)
ASTRAKHAN ASTRAKHAN Government  (Astrakhan)Local: ASTRAKHANSKAYA guberniya : АСТРАХАНСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Astrakhan)
BESSARABIA BESSARABIA Government  (Kishinyov)Local: BESSARABSKA guberniya : БЕССАРАБСЬКА губернiя (ru)  (Kishinëv)
DON COSSACKS Oblast of the DON COSSACK Host  (Cherkassk)Local: Oblast´ VOYSKA DONSKOGO : Oбласть ВОЙСКА ДОНСКОГО (ru)  (Cherkassk)
KALUGA KALUGA Government  (Kaluga)Local: KALUZHSKAYA guberniya : КАЛУЖСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Kaluga)
KAMCHATKA KAMCHATKA Oblast  (Petropavlovsk-in-Kamchatka)Local: KAMCHATSKAYA oblast : КАМЧАТСКАЯ область (ru)  (Petropavlovsk-na-Kamchatke)
KOSTROMA KOSTROMA Government  (Kostroma)Local: KOSTROMSKAYA guberniya : КОСТРОМСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Kostroma)
KUBAN Provisional Kuban Cossack Council : KUBAN Oblast  (Yekaterinodar)Local: Kuban Cossack Rada : KUBANSKAYA oblast : КУБАНСКАЯ о́бласть (ru)  (Yekaterinodar)
KURSK KURSK Government  (Kursk)Local: KURSKAYA guberniya : КУРСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Kursk)
LOWER NOVGOROD LOWER NOVGOROD Government  (Nizhni Novgorod)Local: NIZHEGORODSKAYA guberniya : НИЖЕГОРОДСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Nizhni Novgorod)
MARITIME MARITIME Oblast [Primorie Oblast]  (Vladivostok)Local: PRIMORSKAYA oblast : ПРИМОРСКАЯ область (ru)  (Vladivostok)
MOSCOW MOSCOW Government  (Moscow)Local: MOSKOVSKAYA guberniya : МОСКОВСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Moskva)
NOVGOROD NOVGOROD Government  (Novgorod)Local: NOVGORODSKAYA guberniya : НОВГОРОДСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Novgorod)
OLONETZ OLONETZ Government  (Petrozavodsk)Local: OLONETSKAYA guberniya : OЛОНЕЦКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Petrozavodsk)
OREL ORYOL Government  (Oryol)Local: ORLOVSKAYA guberniya : OРЛОВСКАЯ губерния (ru)  (Orël)
ORENBURG ORENBURG Government  (Orenburg)Local: ORENBURGSKAYA guberniya : OРЕНБУРГСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Orenburg)
PENZA PENZA Government  (Penza)Local: PENZENSKAYA guberniya : ПЕНЗЕНСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Penza)
PERM PERM Government  (Perm)Local: PERMSKAYA guberniya : ПЕРМСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Perm)
PETROGRAD PETROGRAD Government  (Petrograd)Local: PETROGRADSKAYA guberniya : ПЕТРОГРАДСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Petrograd)
PSKOV PSKOV Government  (Pskov)Local: PSKOVSKAYA guberniya : ПСКОВСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Pskov)
RYAZAN RYAZAN Government  (Ryazan)Local: RYAZANSKAYA guberniya : РЯЗАНСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Ryazan´)
SAKHALIN SAKHALIN Oblast  (Nikolayevsk-on-Amur)Local: SAKHALINSKAYA oblast´ : САХАЛИНСКАЯ область (ru)  (Nikolaevsk-na-Amure)
SAMARA SAMARA Government  (Samara)Local: SAMARSKAYA guberniya : САМАРСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Samara)
SARATOV SARATOV Government  (Saratov)Local: SARATOVSKAYA gubernia : САРАТОВСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Saratov)
SIMBIRSK SIMBIRSK Government  (Simbirsk)Local: SIMBIRSKAYA guberniya : СИМБИРСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Simbirsk)
SMOLENSK SMOLENSK Government  (Smolensk)Local: SMOLENSKAYA guberniya : СМОЛЕНСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Smolensk)
STAVROPOL Caucasian Governement of STAVROPOL  (Stavropol)Local: STAVROPOLSKAYA guberniya : СТАВРОПОЛЬСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Stavropol´)
TAMBOV TAMBOV Government  (Tambov)Local: TAMBOVSKAYA guberniya : ТАМБОВСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Tambov)
TAURIDA TAURIDA Government  (Simferopol)Local: TAVRICHESKAYA guberniya : ТАВРИЧЕСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Simferopol)
TOBOLSK Siberian Government of TOBOLSK  (Tobolsk)Local: TOBOLSKAYA guberniya : ТОБОЛЬСКАЯ губерния (ru)  (Tobolsk)
TOMSK Siberian Governement of TOMSK  (Tomsk)Local: TOMSKAYA guberniya : ТОМСКАЯ губе́рния (ru)  (Tomsk)
TULA TULA Government  (Tula)Local: TULSKAYA guberniya : ТУЛЬСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Tula)
TURGAI Centro-Asian Oblast of TURGAI  (Kustanai)Local: TURGAYSKAYA oblast´ : ТУРГАИйСКАЯ область (ru)  (Kustanay)
TVER TVER Government  (Tver)Local: TVERSKAYA guberniya : ТВЕРСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Tver)
URALSK Centro-Asian Oblast of URALSK  (Uralsk)Local: URAL´SKAYA oblast´ : УРАЛЬСКАЯ область (ru)  (Ural´sk)
VLADIMIR VLADIMIR Government  (Vladimir)Local: VLADIMIRSKAYA guberniya : ВЛАДИМИРСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Vladimir)
VOLOGDA VOLOGDA Government  (Vologda)Local: VOLOGODSKAYA guberniya : ВОЛОГОДСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Vologda)
VORONEZH VORONEZH Government  (Voronezh)Local: VORONEZHSKAYA guberniya : ВОРОНЕЖСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Voronezh)
VYATKA VYATKA Government  (Vyatka)Local: VYATSKAYA guberniya : ВЯТСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Vyatka)
YAROSLAV YAROSLAV Government  (Yaroslav)Local: YAROSLAVSKAYA gubernia : ЯРОСЛАВСКАЯ губернiя (ru)  (Yaroslav)


1 Largely Autonomous or Semi-Independent Polity

FINLAND Grand Duchy of FINLAND [Central Committee of Centrobalt]  (Helsingfors) Prince Georgy Lvov


26 Territories:

ABKHAZIA Autonomous ABKHAZIANS within Russia  (Sukhum)Local: SUKHUMSKIY okrug : СУХУМСКИЙ округ (ru)  (Sukhum)
AIGUN AIGUN Russian Concession  (Aigun)Local: AYGUNSKAYA Kontsessiya : АЙГУНСКАЯ Концессия (ru)  (Aygun)
BALTIC PROVINCES Civil Administration of Livonia Estonia and Courland : BALTIC PROVINCES  (Riga)Local: PRIBALTIYSKIYE gubernii : ПРИБАЛТИЙСКИЙ губернии (ru)  (Riga)
BIELORUSSIA BELORUSSIAN Council  (Minsk)Local: BIELARUSKAJA Rada : БЕЛАРУСКАЯ Рада (be) + BYELORUSSKAYA Rada : БЕЛОРУ́ССКАЯ Рада (ru)  (Minsk)
CHINA EASTERN RAILWAY ZONE China Eastern Railroad Zone : CER [Russian Administration]  (Kharbin)Local: Kitaisko-Vostochnaya Zheleznaya Doroga – KVZD : Китайско-Восточная Железная Дорога – КВЖД (ru)  (Kharbin)
DAGHESTAN DAGHESTAN Special Commissariat  (Temir-Khan-Shura)Local: DAGESTANSKIY Spetsial´nyy Komissariat : ДАГЕСТАНСКИЙ Специальный Комиссариат (ru)  (Temir-Khan-Shura)
FRANCIS JOSEPH´S LAND FRANCIS JOSEPH´S LAND Island Territory  (Northbrook Island)Local: ZEMLYA FRANTSA-IOSIFA Arkhipelag : ЗЕМЛЯ ФРАНЦА ИОСИФА Архипелаг (ru)  (Ostrov Nortbruk)
GALICIA AND BUKOVINA Government-General of GALICIA AND BUKOVINA  (Tarnopol)Local: GÁLITSKO-BUKOVÍNSKOYE Generál-Gubernátorstvo : ГА́ЛИЦКО-БУКОВИ́НСКОЕ Генера́л-Губерна́торство – GALITSÍYSKOYE General-Gubernatorstvo : ГАЛИЦИЙСКОЕ Генера́л-Губерна́торство (ru)  (Ternopol)
GREEN UKRAINE All-Ukrainian Far Eastern Regional Council : GREEN UKRAINE  (Nikolsk-Ussuriysky)Local: Vse-Ukrainskiy Dal´nevostochnyy Kray Rada : ZELYONYY KLIN – Все-Yкраинский Дальневосточный Kрай Рада : ЗЕЛЁНЫЙ КЛИН (ru) + Vse-Ukrayinsʹkyy Dalekoskhidnyy Kray Rada : ZELYNYY KLYN – Все-Yкраїнський Далекосхідний Kрай Рада : ЗЕЛЕНИЙ КЛИН (uk)  (Nikolsk-Ussuriysky)
KHABAROVSK Council of the People´s Commissariat of KHABAROVSK  (Khabarovsk)Local: KHABAROVSK Narodna Rada : ХАБАРОВСК Народна Рада (ru)  (Khabarovsk)
NEW ZEMBLA Russian Colony of the NEW ZEMBLA Territory  (Malye Karmakuly)Local: NOVAYA ZEMLYA Territoriya : НОВАЯ ЗЕМЛЯ Территория (ru) + Matka : MATKA (yrk)  (Malye Karmakuly)
NORTH PERSIA Russian Territory of NORTH PERSIA  (Astarabad)Local: Territoriya SEVERNOY PERSII : Территория СЕВЕРНОЙ ПЕРСИИ (ru) + IRAN-E SHOMALI : قلمرو شمال ایران (fa)  (Astrabad)
NORTHERN CAUCASUS Mountainous Republic of THE NORTHERN CAUCASUS [Republic of The Mountaineers]  (Vladikavkaz)Local: Federatsiya Narodov SEVERNOGO KAVKAZA : Федерация народов СЕВЕРНОГО КАВКАЗА (ru)  (Vladikavkaz)
RUSSIAN HANKOW Russian Concession at HANKOW  (Hankow Russian Concession)Local: KHAN´KOU Kontsessiya : ХАНЬКОУ Концессия (ru)  (Khan´kou)
RUSSIAN KHARBIN Russian Concession of KHARBIN  (Kharbin Russian Concession)Local: KHARBIN Kontsessiya : ХАРБИН Концессия (ru)  (Kharbin)
RUSSIAN TIENTSIN TIENTSIN Russian Concession  (Tientsin Russian Concesion)Local: TYAN´TSZIN´SKAYA Kontsessiya : ТЯНЬЦЗИНЬСКАЯ Концессия (ru)  (Tyan´tszin´ Kontsessiya)
RUSSIAN TURKESTAN Government-General of TURKESTAN  (Tashkent a)Local: RUSSKIY TURKESTAN General-Gubernatorstvo : РУССКИЙ ТУРКЕСТАН генерал-губернаторство (ru)  (Tashkent)
SIBERIA Siberian Government-General of IRKUTSK in Asian Russia  (Irkutsk)Local: IRKUTSKOYE General-Gubernatorstvo : ИРКУТСКОЕ Генерал-Губернаторство (ru)  (Irkutsk)
SOVIET BURYATIA Soviet Mongol Nation of Buryatia : BURYAT-MONGOL STATE  (Verkhneudinsk)Local: BURYATIYA Sovetskiy Mongolo Narod : БУРЯТИЯ Советский Mонголо Hарод (ru) + BURYAAD Mongol Oron : БУРЯАД Mонгол Орон (bua)  (Verkhneudinsk)
STEPPES Government-General of THE STEPPES  (Semipalatinsk a)Local: STEPNOE General-Gubernatorstvo : СТЕПНОЕ генерал-губернаторство (ru)  (Semipalatinsk)
TRANSCAUCASUS Special Transcaucasian Committee : OZAKOM  (Tiflis)Local: Osobiy Zakavkazskiy Komitet : OZAKOM - Особый Закавказский комитет : OЗАКОМ (ru)  (Tiflis)
UKRAINIA Autonomous UKRAINIAN Central Council  (Kiev)Local: TSENTRAL´NA Rada : Центральна Рада (uk) + TSENTRALNA Rada : Центральна Рада (ru)  (Kiev)
VOLGA-URAL League of IDEL-URAL States [Volga-Ural]  (Kazan)Local: İDEL-URAL Ştatı : ИДЕЛ-УРАЛ штаты (tt) + URALO-VOLGASKY Shtat : УРАЛО-ВОЛЖСКИЙ штат (ru)  (Qazan)
WESTERN ARMENIA Armenian Provisional Government : Administration for WESTERN ARMENIA  (Van)Local: Administratsiya Zapadnoy ARMENII : Администрация ЗАПАДНОЙ АРМЕНИИ (ru) + Hayastani zhamanakavor karravarut´yun – AZAT VASPURAKAN : Հայաստանի ժամանակավոր կառավարություն – ԱԶԱՏ ՎԱՍՊՈՒՐԱԿԱՆ (hy)  (Van)
WESTERN RUSSIA WESTERN Okrug  (Vitebsk)Local: ZAPADNAYA okrug : ЗАПАДНАЯ округ (ru)  (Minsk)
YAKUTIA Self-Administered Oblast of YAKUTSK [Yakut Worker´s Union of Federalists]  (Yakutsk)Local: YAKUTSKAYA Rabochegoso Yuza Federalistov : ЯКУТСКАЯ Рабочего союза федералистов (ru) + SAKHA Aimakh : САХА Aimakh (sah)  (Yakutsk)

7 Condominiums:

FARS Russian Sphere of Influence in FARS Province : Province of Persia  (Tehran)Local: Provintsiya FARS : Провинция ФАРС (ru) + Ostān-e FARS : استان فارس (fa)  (Tehrân)
HULUNBUIR HULUNBUIR Mongolian Autonomous Province  (Khailar)Local: HU-LUN-PEI-ERH Kuan-Shang Ch´ian-Chü : 呼倫貝爾 观赏迁居 (zh) + HÖLÜN BUYIR Qota : ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (mn)  (Hai-La-Erh)
MANCHULI MANCHURIA Settlement  (Manchuria)Local: MANCHZURIYA Poseleniye : МАНЬЧЖУРИЯ Поселение (ru) + MAN-CHOU-LI Ts´un : 滿洲里村 (zh)  (Manchzhuriya)
PEKING LEGATION QUARTER Joint Administrative Commission of the Diplomatic Quarter : PEKING LEGATION QUARTER  (Peking Legation Quarter)Local: Administrative Commission of the Diplomatic Quarter : PEKING LEGATION QUARTER (en) + Commission administrative du Quartier Diplomatique à Pékin : QUARTIER DES LÉGATIONS DE PÉKIN (fr) + TUNG CHIAO MIN Hsiang : 東交民巷 (zh)  (Tung Chiao-Min Hsiang)
SHANGHAI INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT International Concession of Shanghai Municipal Council : SHANGHAI INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT  (Shanghai International Settlement)Local: SHANGHAI International Settlement (en) + SHANGHAI International Koncession (da) + SCHANGHAI Internationalen Konzessionen (de) + Concesión Internacional de SHANGHÁI (es) + Concession Internationale de CHANGHAÏ (fr) + Concessione Internazionale di SCIANGAI (it) + SHIYANHAI Kiyoudou Sokai : 上海共同租界 (ja) + Internationale Concessie van SHANGHAI (nl) + Concessão Internacional de XANGAI (pt) + SHANHAYSKIY Mezhdunarodny Settlment : ШАНХАЙСКИЙ международный сеттльмент (ru) + SHANGHAI International Settlement (sv) + SHANG-HAI Kung-Kung Tsu-Chieh : 上海公共租界 (zh)  (Shanghai International Settlement)
SPITZBERG ARCHIPELAGO Neutral Territory of Spitzberg Archipelago : SVALBARD ISLAND  (Longyear City)Local: Nøytralt Territorium på SVALBARD Territorium (no) + Neutralno Territoriya SPITZBERGEN : Нейтральная территория ШПИЦБЕРГЕН (ru)  (Longyear City)
SUVOROV MEMORIAL Suvorov Memorial near Teufelsbrucke in Uri : SUVOROV MONUMENT  (Suvorov Monument)Local: SUWOROW-DENKMAL in der Schöllenen-Schlucht (de) + Pamyatnik Suvorov : Памятник Суворов – SUVOROV MEMORIAL : СУВОРОВ МЕМОРИАЛ (ru)  (Suworow-Denkmal)

Dependent Protectorates:

TAIMYR Tavgi Tributary People of TAIMYR  (Western Taimyr)Local: TAVGIY Lyudi : ТАВГИЙ Люди (ru) + Ŋənəhsanəh : NGANAHSENEH (nio) + NGANASAN (dlg)  (Zapadnaya Taymyrskaya)
TUNGUSKA Tributary Tungus People of TUNGUSKA  (Tura)Local: TUNGUSY Lyudi : ТУНГУСЫ Люди (ru) + EWENKI : ЭВЕНКИ (evn)  (Tura)
URIANKHAY URIANKHAY Territory [under Russian Protection]  (Byelotsarsk)Local: URYANKHAYSKIY Krai : УРЯНХАЙСКИЙ край (ru) + Tandy URJANHAJ : Таңды УРЯНХАЙ (tyv)  (Belotsarsk)
YAKUTS YAKUT Tributary People  (Yakutsk)Local: YAKUT Lyudi : ЯКУТ Люди (ru) + SAXALAR : САХАЛАР (sah)  (Yakutsk)

6 Assisted Countries

BUKHARA Independent Emirate of BUKHARA [Russian Protectorate]  (Bukhara) Emir Muhammad Alim Khan
KHIVA Independent Khanate of KHIVA  (Khiva) Khan Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur
OUTER MONGOLIA Autonomous State of Bogd Khanate of MONGOLIA [Russian Protectorate under Chinese Suzerainty]  (Urga) Bogd Khan Jebtsundamba Khutugtu
PERSIA Sublime State of PERSIA [Neutral Sphere of the Kajar Empire of Persia]  (Tehran) Soltan Ahmad Shah Kajar
PETROGRAD SOVIET PETROGRAD Soviet of Workers´ and Soldiers´ Deputies  (Petrograd) Nikolay Chkheidze
RUMANIA Kingdom of RUMANIA [Russian Occupation]  (Jassy mr) King Ferdinand I






3 Governments or Movements in Exile

CZECHOSLOVAKIA Czech National Council : CNR  (Paris m + Petrograd rx) Tomas Garrigue Masaryk
KOREA-IN-EXILE Recovery Army Government of KOREA  (Vladivostok x) Banzai Movement
POLAND-IN-EXILE POLISH Kingdom in Exile  (Minsk x) Prince Pavel Yengalychev



Military entity abroad, special or locally shared:

SUVOROV MEMORIAL Suvorov Memorial near Teufelsbrucke in Uri : SUVOROV MONUMENT  (Suvorov Monument)Local: SUWOROW-DENKMAL in der Schöllenen-Schlucht (de) + Pamyatnik Suvorov : Памятник Суворов – SUVOROV MEMORIAL : СУВОРОВ МЕМОРИАЛ (ru)  (Suworow-Denkmal)


22 Organisations or Groupings membership (selective)


AIR LAW CODE Conference on International AIR LAW CODE  (Paris)
AIR SPORTS World Air Sports Federation : WASF  (Lausanne)
ALLIED POWERS Supreme War Council of the ALLIED ENTENTE POWERS  (Versailles)
ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION British-Russian Convention : ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION  (Petrograd)
BRUSSELS CONVENTION Convention relative to the Slave Trade and Importation into Africa of Firearms Ammunition and Spiritous Liquors : BRUSSELS CONVENTION  (Brussels)
EASTERN ORTHODOXISM Orthodox Catholic Church : EASTERN ORTHODOX Church  (Phanar)
FIFA Federation of International Football Association : FIFA  (Paris)
FRANCO-RUSSIAN ALLIANCE FRANCO-RUSSIAN Alliance  (Moscow + Paris)
HAGUE CONVENTION Permanent Court of Arbitration : PCA  (The Hague)
INTERNATIONAL LAW Institute of International Law : IIL  (Ghent)
METEOROLOGY International Meteorological Organization : IMO  (Geneva)
NAVAL CONFERENCE London NAVAL Conference  (London)
NAVIGATION International Congress of Navigation : ICN  (Petrograd)
OLYMPIC GAMES International Olympic Committee : IOC  (Lausanne)
OPIUM International Opium Convention : IOC  (The Hague)
PUBLIC HEALTH International Office of Public Health : IOPH  (Paris)
RED CROSS International Committee of the Red Cross : ICRC  (Geneva)
REFRIGERATION International Association of Refrigeration : IAR  (Paris)
TELEGRAPH International Telegraph Union : ITU  (Berne)
TRIPLE ENTENTE TRIPLE ENTENTE Agreement  (London)
UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION Universal Postal Union : UPU  (Berne)
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES International Bureau of Weights and Measures : IBWM  (Sevres)


Other Independent or Semi-Independent Polities within the 2024's internationally recognized Country boundaries:

PETROGRAD SOVIET PETROGRAD Soviet of Workers´ and Soldiers´ Deputies  (Petrograd)


Other Territories or Entities within the 2024's internationally recognized Country boundaries:

EAST PRUSSIA Province of EAST PRUSSIA  (Koenigsberg in Prussia)
KARAFUTO KARAFUTO Prefecture [South Sakhalin]  (Toyohara)
KURIL ISLANDS Archipelago of KURIL ISLANDS  (Shana)
PAZ RIVER PAZ RIVER Area  (Nellimo)
VICTORIA ISLAND VICTORIA ISLAND Territory  (Victoria Island)
VYBORG VYBORG Government  (Vyborg)

 Drawn with Inkscape  Written with Notepad++  Powered by Apache  ethnia.org Creative Commons License CC-BY Archived since 2003 by Internet Archives
Thank you.
UPDATED ON: ~ 2024-APR-02 ~ .